Glossar-English:Symbol, Index, Icon: Unterschied zwischen den Versionen
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===Symbolicity and meaning conventions === | ===Symbolicity and meaning conventions === | ||
Icons resemble indices in one important respect in which the third semantic sign category of Peirce deviates: Because of the directly recognizable connection between sign carrier and signified, the sign's meaning does not seem to have to be established first by a suitable act of baptism. Indices and icons function without prior establishment of a corresponding meaning convention. This is by no means true for many of the sign uses we perform in everyday life, as anyone who wants to learn a foreign language can easily find out for themselves. Signs whose meaning relation must be established with the help of a convention are called '‘symbols’' by Peirce (cf. <bib id='Peirce 1983a'></bib>: p. 65ff.).<ref>The word goes back to the Greek ‘συμ­βάλ­λω’ (sym­bál­lō – to put together).</ref> | |||
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[[Datei:Symbol und Zeichen2.png|thumb| | [[Datei:Symbol und Zeichen2.png|thumb|Figure 3: Sketch of the problem around the German expressions ‘Zeichen’ (sign) and ‘Symbol’ (symbol)]] | ||
A difficulty must be mentioned with the expressions for sign and symbol in ''German'': ‘Zeichen’ and ‘Symbol’ (with the corresponding plural forms ‘Zeichen’ and ‘Symbole’). In the German-speaking world, the Peircean usage differs clearly from another convention (also used by Saussure), which contrasts the ‘Zeichen’ with the ‘Symbol’, whereby ‘Symbol’ in this sense is often used synonymously with ‘emblem’.<ref>See also the comments in the article [[Emblem|«Emblem»]]. For a rough overview, see [http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Symbol Wikipedia: Symbol]. Cf. also <bib id='Berndt & Drügh 2009a'></bib>.</ref> Marking the different word usages with the indices ‘''D''’ (Deutsch/German) and ‘''P''’ (Peirce), we get (Fig. 3): »Symbole<sub>''D''</sub>« are exactly not »Zeichen<sub>''D''</sub>«, while »Symbole<sub>''P''</sub>« are a subspecies of »Zeichen<sub>''P''</sub>«; furthermore, »Symbole<sub>''P''</sub>« largely correspond to »Zeichen<sub>''D''</sub>«, whereas »Symbole<sub>''D''</sub>« roughly correspond to Peirce's »icons«, i.e. although not being »Zeichen<sub>''D''</sub>« they rather are »Zeichen<sub>''P''</sub>«.<ref>Moreover, since the essential difference between »Zeichen<sub>''D''</sub>« and »Symbole<sub>''D''</sub>« consists in the fact that the meaning relation is understood as purely arbitrary in the case of the former, whereas in the case of the latter, it is understood as a relation naturally growing out of the symbolized, the two are mutually exclusive. The Peircean conceptual scopes, on the other hand, overlap./ref> It is therefore quite advisable – especially in the discussion of image science – to pay very close attention in German papers to the meaning in which the expressions 'Zeichen' and 'Symbol' are used in each case.<ref>Against this background, someone who sees images as (iconic) »Zeichen<sub>''P''</sub>« might quickly get into a war of words about the sign-like nature of images with someone who understands images as »Symbole<sub>''D''</sub>«.</ref> | |||
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Incidentally, a conventional attribution of meaning is not only present when a rule is explicitly laid down on which one can rely in case of doubt (an act of baptism in the broad sense). It can also be a matter of historically grown habits or tacit (implicit) agreements, as is the case with most signs of “natural” languages, such as the words and sentences of German. Here, there are no demonstrable situations with corresponding meaning-giving acts to which one could refer in case of suspicion of incorrect use of the symbolic sign. Moreover, as a rule, the social mechanisms that have contributed to the formation of the tradition continue to operate, which is why traditions change continuously “in one's back” (»language change«). In contrast to traditional meaning conventions, on the other hand, explicitly agreed sign meanings can only be changed again by further explicit agreements of the sign users concerned.<ref>As an alternative, however, a further development of the explicitly agreed convention to a meaning relationship that forgets the original “baptismal situation” and is understood as a purely traditional convention remains possible.</ref> | |||
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Although related, the concepts »convention« and »arbitrariness« should not be confused in this context: Even traditional conventions are usually motivated in one way or another and are not purely arbitrary.<ref>An example of such motivations is presented in [[Exkurs:Beispiel für motivierte Zeichenkonventionen|Excursus: Example of Motivated Sign Conventions]].</ref> And even the freely available association possibilities are hardly ever really exhausted in the case of explicitly agreed conventions, for good (such as mnemonic) reasons. Historically, the question of the arbitrariness of the meaning relation in the form of the ''phýsei/thései'' debate in Greek antiquity formed the essential starting point for the successive differentiation of possible object relations up to Peirce (and beyond). But in the course of this conceptual unfolding, it became clear that it is less about the question of a naturally (i.e. independently of sign users) existing relation between sign (carrier) and signified, but rather about different possibilities of integrating aspects of an object used as sign carrier into the complex occurrences of sign actions (cf. <bib id='Trabant 1996a'></bib>, para. II.4).<ref>Closely related to the “arbitrariness” of sign carriers for the associated meanings is furthermore the discussion about the possibility of a repercussion of the sign carrier on the understanding of what this expression means: Under the name ‘principle of linguistic relativity’ (also: ‘Sapir-Whorf hypothesis’; cf. [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linguistic_relativity Wikipedia: Linguistic relativity]) the idea is discussed that the “world view”, the “world image” of a language community (or more generally: sign community) is decisively influenced by the verbal signs used by its members; ⊳ [[Weltbild, Lebensform|World Image, Life Form]] & [[Linguistic turn, pictorial turn, medial turn|Linguistic Turn, Pictorial Turn, Medial Turn]].</ref> | |||
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An example of this connection can be “seen” in the discussion of [[Perspektive und Projektion|perspective]] as a symbolic form[26]<ref>Cassirer uses the expression ‘symbolic form’ to describe “every energy of the mind [...] by which a mental meaning is attached to a concrete sensual sign and inwardly appropriated to this sign” (<bib id='Cassirer 2009a'>Cas­si­rer 2009a</bib>, p. 67). The expression ‘sign’ is obviously used in the sense of ‘sign carrier’ and ‘symbol’ (as the third meaning variant of this expression mentioned in the present text) analogously to ‘Zeichen<sub>''P''</sub>’ (see above).</ref> (cf. <bib id='Panofsky 1924a'>Panof­sky 1924a</bib>). It is true that central-perspective constructions seem to produce particularly natural-looking pictorial signs in a quasi-causal derivation. But it is not about these signs at all. Rather, the construction itself – taken as a sign for the [[Sehen|seeing]] that establishes that naturalness in the first place – is only one (historically developed) possibility among many others; a possibility that, since it presupposes a one-eyed, simultaneous seeing with a fixed gaze, despite all iconic parts (i.e., existing similarities to the meaning of this sign), does not have any meaning. This possibility, since it assumes a one-eyed, simultaneous seeing with a fixed gaze, is, despite all iconic parts (i.e. existing similarities to the meaning of this sign, namely the two-eyed, saccadic seeing with moving eyes), also strongly dependent on traditional-conventional factors: the convention, that is, that seeing is to be represented in exactly this manner (cf. <bib id='Cassirer 1930a'>Cassi­rer 1930a</bib>). | |||
Version vom 31. August 2023, 18:48 Uhr
Sub-Item to: Sign theories: Overview
Original: Symbol, Index, Ikon
Peirce's classification of signsCharles S. Peirce (1839-1914) is considered one of the founding fathers of modern sign theory. He is also responsible for a differentiated classification of sign types (Fig. 1), at least part of which has been widely used. Roughly sketched, Peirce distinguishes three sign-relevant levels, which approximately correspond to the division into pragmatics, semantics, and syntax. Within each of these levels, he introduces a further tripartite division. Syntactically, Peirce differentiates signs into »sinsigns«, »legisigns«, and »qualisigns«, while »rheme«, »dicent«, and »delome« form pragmatic (effect-related) sign subcategories.[1] It is primarily the semantic level whose Peirce's tripartite division resonates powerfully among semioticians and theorists of neighboring disciplines, such as philosophy of language and art history, and which is highly relevant to image theory, not least in his concept of iconicity.[2]
Semantic tripartition: Peculiarities of the relationship of meaningBecause they are focused on the semantic level, the Peircean sign categories »index«, »icon« and »symbol« differentiate the class of signs according to the character of the relationship established between the sign- bearer and the one with it designated (characterized as 'object reference' in Fig. 1). This “object” relationship is considered constitutive of the meaning ascribed to the sign-bearer. [3] Strictly speaking, the three categories are ideal types; in concrete cases, the associated meaning relations often work together in a complicated way (see the detailed example below ). Since they are focused on the semantic level, Peirce's sign categories »index«, »icon«, and »symbol« differentiate the class of signs according to the character of the relation established between the sign-carrier and what is signified by it (characterized as ‘object reference’ in fig. 1). This “object” relation is considered constitutive of the meaning attributed to the sign carrier.[3] Strictly speaking, the three categories are ideal types; in concrete cases, the associated meaning relations often interact in complicated ways (cf. the detailed example below). Iconicity and ResemblancesThe Peircian expression ‘icon’,[4] which obviously shares its ancient Greek root (εἰκών, roughly ‘image’) with both the medieval religious icons and the pictographic ‘icons’ of the information age (see ⊳ Pictographic Writing and Pictogram), but should not be confused with either, denotes such signs whose meaning relationship is due to a resemblance relation between sign carrier and signified (cf. [Peirce 1983a]Peirce, Charles S. (1983): Phänomen und Logik der Zeichen. Suhrkamp, Frankfurt/M. In fact, for Peirce, real (genuine) icons exist only when one uses a property of an object (perceived as a sign-carrier) to draw one's (or another's) attention to that very property – that is, when, in Goodman's terminology, there is an exemplification.[5] Peirce describes signs in which one object refers to another object because of shared properties as ‘hypoicons’ (also ‘degenerate icons’ [Peirce 1998a]Peirce, Charles S. (1998): Collected Papers, Vol. 2: Elements of Logic. Thoemmes, Bristol. In principle, already a single (objective or subjective) property that – besides any number of different ones – is shared by the considered objects is sufficient in each case, in order to guarantee the iconicity of a sign relation between them. The greater the similarity, the stronger the iconicity when one object is considered as a sign for the other. Problems arise, on the other hand, when all properties coincide: Two objects are usually considered »similar« in the narrow sense only if there is also at least one property in which they are not alike.[10] Indexicality and spatiotemporal relationshipsPeirce speaks of an ‘index’ (plural ‘indices’ or ‘indexes’) in the case of a sign whose bearer is used as a sign for the signified due to its spatiotemporal and especially causal connection with the signified (cf. [Peirce 1983a]Peirce, Charles S. (1983): Phänomen und Logik der Zeichen. Suhrkamp, Frankfurt/M. It should be noted, however, that the definition of indexicality does not necessarily assume a natural relationship between the sign carrier and the signified: Even the city entrance sign at the edge of a city stands in a direct, albeit intentionally generated, spatiotemporal relationship to the signified (the edge of that city). The same applies to the logo shown in the upper left corner of this glossary page (which marks: ›this is a page of the Glossary of Image Philosophy‹), the colored markings that indicate in this glossary text where another page can be reached by mouse click, or arrows and pointers in general. Not all indices are symptoms in the narrow (physical-causal) sense, or, as it is then also called: ‘natural indices’. In contrast to the natural ones, the spatiotemporal relation that mediates between sign carrier and signified is generated with intention in the case of the artificial indices – thus, intentionality replaces causality in these cases.[14] Nevertheless, the semantic point also in this subclass is that the spatio-temporal proximity alone already seems to induce the sign's meaning when it is used. Verbal expressions, such as in particular ‘here’ and ‘now’, but also ‘I’, ‘we’, ‘you’, and ‘your’ (etc.), also depend in their respective meaning strongly on the context of their use: The spatiotemporal relation to place and time of their utterance determines which place is meant by ‘here’, which person is meant by ‘you’. The same is true, of course, for ‘içi’ or ‘hier’, for ‘tu’ or ‘Du’ – to take just two other European languages as examples. Besides all conventionality, which actually makes these kinds of expressions symbols in Peirce's sense, a moment of indexicality remains essential to them, which is why one also speaks of ‘indexical expressions’.[15] Photographs ( and the products of related technical imaging processes) represent another special case of indexical signs: Obviously, the production processes for sign carriers considered here are based on the fact that a more or less long but continuous chain of strictly causal, physical-chemical steps automatically removes the sign carrier from the denoted ('depicted') derive. [17] Although the images can actually be assigned to the iconic signs , at least in this subset indexicality also resonates in their term. [18] Photographs (and the products of related technical imaging processes) represent another special case of indexical signs: Obviously, the production processes for sign carriers considered here are based on the fact that a more or less long but continuous chain of strictly causal, physical-chemical steps automatically derives the sign carrier from the signified (‘depicted’).[16] Although, as images, they actually belong to the iconic signs, at least in the case of this subset, indexicality also resonates in their concept.[17] Symbolicity and meaning conventionsIcons resemble indices in one important respect in which the third semantic sign category of Peirce deviates: Because of the directly recognizable connection between sign carrier and signified, the sign's meaning does not seem to have to be established first by a suitable act of baptism. Indices and icons function without prior establishment of a corresponding meaning convention. This is by no means true for many of the sign uses we perform in everyday life, as anyone who wants to learn a foreign language can easily find out for themselves. Signs whose meaning relation must be established with the help of a convention are called '‘symbols’' by Peirce (cf. [Peirce 1983a]Peirce, Charles S. (1983): Phänomen und Logik der Zeichen. Suhrkamp, Frankfurt/M. A difficulty must be mentioned with the expressions for sign and symbol in German: ‘Zeichen’ and ‘Symbol’ (with the corresponding plural forms ‘Zeichen’ and ‘Symbole’). In the German-speaking world, the Peircean usage differs clearly from another convention (also used by Saussure), which contrasts the ‘Zeichen’ with the ‘Symbol’, whereby ‘Symbol’ in this sense is often used synonymously with ‘emblem’.[19] Marking the different word usages with the indices ‘D’ (Deutsch/German) and ‘P’ (Peirce), we get (Fig. 3): »SymboleD« are exactly not »ZeichenD«, while »SymboleP« are a subspecies of »ZeichenP«; furthermore, »SymboleP« largely correspond to »ZeichenD«, whereas »SymboleD« roughly correspond to Peirce's »icons«, i.e. although not being »ZeichenD« they rather are »ZeichenP«.Referenzfehler: Für ein Incidentally, a conventional attribution of meaning is not only present when a rule is explicitly laid down on which one can rely in case of doubt (an act of baptism in the broad sense). It can also be a matter of historically grown habits or tacit (implicit) agreements, as is the case with most signs of “natural” languages, such as the words and sentences of German. Here, there are no demonstrable situations with corresponding meaning-giving acts to which one could refer in case of suspicion of incorrect use of the symbolic sign. Moreover, as a rule, the social mechanisms that have contributed to the formation of the tradition continue to operate, which is why traditions change continuously “in one's back” (»language change«). In contrast to traditional meaning conventions, on the other hand, explicitly agreed sign meanings can only be changed again by further explicit agreements of the sign users concerned.[20] Although related, the concepts »convention« and »arbitrariness« should not be confused in this context: Even traditional conventions are usually motivated in one way or another and are not purely arbitrary.[21] And even the freely available association possibilities are hardly ever really exhausted in the case of explicitly agreed conventions, for good (such as mnemonic) reasons. Historically, the question of the arbitrariness of the meaning relation in the form of the phýsei/thései debate in Greek antiquity formed the essential starting point for the successive differentiation of possible object relations up to Peirce (and beyond). But in the course of this conceptual unfolding, it became clear that it is less about the question of a naturally (i.e. independently of sign users) existing relation between sign (carrier) and signified, but rather about different possibilities of integrating aspects of an object used as sign carrier into the complex occurrences of sign actions (cf. [Trabant 1996a]Trabant, Jürgen (1996): Elemente der Semiotik. Franke, Tübingen. An example of this connection can be “seen” in the discussion of perspective as a symbolic form[26][23] (cf. [Panofsky 1924a]Panofsky, Erwin (1998): Die Perspektive als symbolische Form (1924). In: Michels, K. & Warnke, M. (Hg.), Erwin Panofsky, Deutschsprachige Aufsätze, Bd. 2. Akademie, Berlin.
Application to images: A (complex) example
Aus bildwissenschaftlicher Perspektive spielen Ikonizität (insofern »Bild« und »Ähnlichkeit« zusammenhängen) und Indexikalität (vor allem bei den kausalen Bildgebungsverfahren) die grössere, aber keineswegs die alleinige Rolle. Auch bei Bildverwendungen treten zahlreiche symbolische Aspekte auf.[24] In der Praxis dürften prototypische Fälle von Ikonizität, Indexikalität oder Symbolhaftigkeit in der Tat weder bei Bildern noch auch bei anderen Zeichentypen häufig auftreten. Mischformen dominieren unseren Bild(Zeichen)gebrauch. Die Anwendung der drei Aspekte auf ein konkretes Beispiel mag besser verdeutlichen, wie vielfältig die semantischen Relationen letztendlich für einen einzigen Bildträger zusammenwirken: Abbildung 4 gibt das Schwarz-Weiß-Photo eines unbekannten Photographen wieder, das vermutlich in den letzten Tagen des Jahres 1945 aufgenommen wurde und im Hiroshima Peace Memorial Museum aufbewahrt wird. Zu sehen sind zwei Stufen einer steinernen Treppe, die zum Eingang des Gebäudes der Sumitomo-Bank im Zentrum der japanischen Stadt Hiroshima führt, sowie ein kleiner Ausschnitt der Wand des Gebäudes. Auf den Treppenstufen zeichnen sich schwärzliche Spuren im perspektivisch verzerrten Umriß eines menschlichen Körpers ab. Es wird angenommen, dass sie entstanden sind, als am 6. August 1945 um 8 Uhr 15 eine Atombombe die Stadt zerstörte und Druck, Hitze und Strahlung die verglühenden Überreste einer Person, die zufällig zu diesem Zeitpunkt vor dem Gebäude auf den Stufen stand, in den Stein eingebrannt haben. Ikonizität, Indexikalität und Symbolhaftigkeit der BeispielphotographieWegen der längeren, aber durchweg kausalen Kette von optischen, photochemischen und digitaltechnischen Transformationen, die den hier betrachteten Zeichenträger mit der Aufnahmesituation in Hiroshima zu einem unbekannten Zeitpunkt kurz nach der Bombenexplosion verbinden, hat das damit verwendete Zeichen offensichtlich Index-Charakter. Da zudem eine visuelle Ähnlichkeit zu den tatsächlichen Treppenstufen in Japan besteht, ist auch ein deutlicher ikonischer Anteil gegeben. Symbolhaftigkeit tritt hinzu, weil die Signifikanz dieses Bildes erst klar werden kann, wenn man es in seinen historischen Kontext einordnen kann: Zwar ist – ikonisch – eine Art menschlicher Schatten zu sehen, der – indexikalisch – als Teil einer real in Raum und Zeit existierenden (d.h. mit dem Hier und Jetzt der Rezeptionssituation kausal verbundenen) Szene verstanden wird, doch dass diese Photographie etwa auch als Zeichen für die schreckliche Gewalt einer Atombombenexplosion über bewohntem Gebiet dienen mag erschließt sich nur in einem durch Konventionen etablierten Verständnisrahmen. Ikonizität, Indexikalität und Symbolhaftigkeit des abgebildeten “Schattens”Tatsächlich lassen sich Ikonizität, Indexikalität und Symbolhaftigkeiten in diesem Beispiel (wie übrigens bei fast allen Bildern) auch noch auf einer zweiten Ebene anwenden: Denn auch der “Schatten” selbst wird in der Regel ja zeichenhaft gelesen. Als Symptom der ihn verursachenden Explosion kann er als Index für alle der in der zu ihm führenden Kausalkette enthaltenen Faktoren verwendet werden: Dominant in dieser Hinsicht sind sicherlich die Person, die in jenem verhängnisvollen Augenblick an jener Stelle stand, die Strahlungen, die in jenem Moment den Schatten in den Stein brannten, sowie das Ereignis, das die Strahlung ausgelöst hat: die Explosion von «Little Boy».[25] Voraussetzung für eine solche indexikalische Zeichenverwendung mit einer dieser Bedeutungen ist die Einbettung des “Schattens” in eine kommunikative Interaktion (inklusive Selbstdarstellung des Senders) mit bewusster Kontrolle des kommunikativen Zwecks der Handlung (Reflexivierung inklusive Antizipation des Kommunikationspartners; ⊳ Bildrezeption als Kommunikationsprozess). Diese Bedingung ist auch erfüllt, wenn sich jemand selbst vor Ort mithilfe des “Schattens” auf die entsprechende Ursache aufmerksam macht. Insofern der “Schatten” eine gewisse Ähnlichkeit mit jenem Menschen hat, kann er zudem als ein ikonisches Zeichen für jenen stehen. Auch hier ist die Einbettung in den komplexen Handlungszusammenhang einer Zeichenverwendung Voraussetzung. Analog zur Verlängerung der indexikalischen Aspekte des Dargestellten durch die Indexikalität der Darstellung “verlängert” die Ikonizität des Bildes die ikonischen Aspekte des im Bild Dargestellten.[26] Als einem symbolischen Zeichen kann man sich dem “Schatten” schließlich zuwenden, wenn man damit etwa die eigene Aufmerksamkeit oder die eines anderen absichtlich auf den Sachverhalt lenken möchte, dass die Menschheit mit der in Hiroshima erstmals grauenvoll demonstrierten Fähigkeit, Atombomben über bevölkerten Städten explodieren zu lassen, eine gefährliche Grenze überschritten hat. Ikonizität, Indexikalität und Symbolhaftigkeit des reflexiv genutzten PhotosEine dritte Bedeutungsebene ergibt sich, wenn wir in Betracht ziehen, dass jedes Bild auch dazu benutzt werden kann, als Zeichen für einen Aspekt des Zeichengebrauchs selbst zu dienen (⊳ Bild in reflexiver Verwendung). Eben dies ist ja unter anderem in diesem Glossarartikel mit dem Zeichenträger aus Abbildung 4 geschehen. Auch auf dieser Ebene können die drei Arten von Objektbezügen auftreten:
— In jedem konkreten Gebrauch des in Abbildung 4 wiedergegebenen Zeichenträgers können auf den erwähnten drei Zeichenebenen die drei von Peirce inspirierten Objektbezüge in jeweils verschiedenen Ausprägungen und variierenden Kombinationen die effektive Kommunikation semantisch prägen. Vor diesem Hintergrund ist die Vorstellung von einer einzigen »Bedeutung eines Bildträgers« bestenfalls stark verkürzt und stets abhängig von einer – meist nur implizit – als Standard festgelegten Referenzverwendungsweise, zu der ein Begriff von standardisierten Kommunizierenden mit bestimmtem Hintergrundwissen ebenso wie standardisierte Kommunikationsziele gehören (z.B. ikonische, nicht-reflexive Verwendung). Semiose – bei Peirce als fortlaufende Erzeugung weiterer Interpretanten gedacht, genauer: als Folge (mentaler) Zeichen, die die Bedeutung des ersten Zeichens elaborieren – kann offensichtlich auch noch in einem anderen Sinn verstanden werden: als ein sukzessives Ausarbeiten der verschiedenen Möglichkeiten, einen Zeichenträger als Zeichen zu verwenden. Für die Frage nach der Identität bildhafter Zeichen verschiebt sich der Fokus von einem am physischen Bildträger orientierten Kriterium zu einem an der jeweiligen Verwendungssituation orientierten Kriterium. See also:
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Notes
Literature
[Berndt & Drügh 2009a] Berndt, Frauke & Drügh, Heinz J. (Hg.) (2009): Symbol – Grundlagentexte aus Ästhetik, Poetik und Kulturwissenschaft . Suhrkamp, Frankfurt/M.[Birk et al. 2014a]Birk, Elisabeth & Halawa, Mark A. & Mosbach, Doris (2014): Semiotik. In: Netzwerk Bildphilosophie (Hg.), Bild und Methode. Theoretische Hintergründe und methodische Verfahren der Bildwissenschaft. Halem, Köln.[Cassirer 1930a]Cassirer, Ernst (2004): Mythischer, ästhetischer und theoretischer Raum (1930). In: Recki, B. (Hg.), Ernst Cassirer: Gesammelte Werke, Bd. 17. Meiner, Hamburg.[Cassirer 2009a]Cassirer, Ernst (2009): Der Begriff der symbolischen Form im Aufbau der Geisteswissenschaften. In: Schriften zur Philosophie der symbolischen Formen. Meiner, Hamburg.[Goodman 1970a]Goodman, Nelson (1970): Seven Strictures on Similarity. In: Foster, L. & Swanson, J. W. (Hg.), Experience and Theory. University of Massachusetts, Amherst.[Nöth 2009a]Nöth, Winfried (2009): Bildsemiotik. In: Sachs-Hombach, K. (Hg.), Bildtheorien. Anthropologische und kulturelle Grundlagen des Visualistic Turn. Suhrkamp, Frankfurt/M.[Panofsky 1924a]Panofsky, Erwin (1998): Die Perspektive als symbolische Form (1924). In: Michels, K. & Warnke, M. (Hg.), Erwin Panofsky, Deutschsprachige Aufsätze, Bd. 2. Akademie, Berlin.[Peirce 1983a]Peirce, Charles S. (1983): Phänomen und Logik der Zeichen. Suhrkamp, Frankfurt/M.[Peirce 1998a]Peirce, Charles S. (1998): Collected Papers, Vol. 2: Elements of Logic. Thoemmes, Bristol.[Platon 1922a]Platon (1922): Kratylos. Meiner, Leipzig.[Schelske 2000a]Schelske, Andreas (2000): Bedeutung oder Bezeichnung. In: Sachs-Hombach, K. & Rehkämper, K. (Hg.), Vom Realismus der Bilder. Scriptum, Magdeburg.[Schirra & Sachs-Hombach 2013a]Schirra, Jörg R.J. & Sachs-Hombach, Klaus (2013): The Anthropological Function of Pictures. In: Sachs-Hombach, K. & Schirra, J.R.J. (Hg.), Origins of Pictures. Anthropological Discourses in Image Science. Halem, Köln.[Trabant 1996a]Trabant, Jürgen (1996): Elemente der Semiotik. Franke, Tübingen. Version 1: 2013 Responsible: Editing: Contributions by: Joerg R.J. Schirra und Marcel Lemmes — (Note) Quote as: [Schirra 2013g-y]Schirra, Jörg R.J. (2013). Symbol, Index, Ikon. (Ausg. 1). In: Schirra, J.R.J.; Halawa, M. & Liebsch, D. (Hg.), Glossar der Bildphilosophie. (2012-2026). [bildglossar.org/index.php?title=Symbol,_Index,_Ikon]. |



